Tailored Phototherapy Agent by Infection Site in Situ Activated against Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus.

Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), is a promising treatment approach for multidrug resistant infections. PDT/PTT combination therapy can more efficiently eliminate pathogens without drug resistance. The key to improve the efficacy of photochemotherapy is the utilization efficiency of non-radiation energy of phototherapy agents. Herein, we design a facile phototherapy molecule (SCy-Le) with the enhancement of non-radiative energy transfer by an acid stimulation under a single laser. Introduction of the protonated receptor into SCy-Le results in a distorted intramolecular charge in the infected acidic microenvironment, pH≈5.5, which in turn enhances light capture, reduces the singlet-triplet transition energies (ΔES1-T1), promotes electron system crossing, enhances capacity of ROS generation, and a significant increase in temperature by improving vibrational relaxation. SCy-Le showed more than 99% bacterial killing rate against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its biofilms in vitro, and caused bacteria-induced wound healing in mice. This work will provide a new perspective for the design of phototherapy agents, and the emerging photochemotherapy will a promising approach to combat the problem of antibiotic resistance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Transfer learning improves predictions in lignin content of Chinese fir based on Raman spectra.

Lignin in biomass plays significant role in substitution of synthetic polymer and reduction of energy expenditure, and the lignin content was usually determined by wet chemical methods. However, the methods' heavy workload, low efficiency, huge consumption of chemicals and use of toxic reagents render them unsuitable for sustainable development and environmental protection. Chinese fir, a prevalent angiosperm tree, holds immense importance for various industries. Since our previous work found that Raman spectroscopy could accurately predict the lignin content in poplar, we propose that the lignin content of Chinese fir can be estimated by similar strategy. The results suggested that the peak at 2895 cm-1 is the optimal choice of internal standard peak and algorithm of XGBoost demonstrates the highest accuracy among all algorithms. Furthermore, transfer learning was successfully introduced to enhance the accuracy and robustness of the model. Ultimately, we report that a machine learning algorithm, combining transfer learning with XGBoost or LightGBM, offers an accurate, high-efficiency and environmental friendly method for predicting the lignin content of Chinese fir using Raman spectra.

Aberrant activation of TGF-ß/ROCK1 enhances stemness during prostatic stromal hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a multifactorial disease in which abnormal growth factor activation and embryonic reawakening are considered important factors. Here we demonstrated that the aberrant activation of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)/Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) increased the stemness of BPH tissue by recruiting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), indicating the important role of embryonic reawakening in BPH. When TGF-ß/ROCK1 is abnormally activated, MSCs are recruited and differentiate into fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, leading to prostate stromal hyperplasia. Further research showed that inhibition of ROCK1 activation suppressed MSC migration and their potential for stromal differentiation. Collectively, our findings suggest that abnormal activation of TGF-ß/ROCK1 regulates stem cell lineage specificity, and the small molecule inhibitor GSK269962A could target ROCK1 and may be a potential treatment for BPH.

Tightly focusing metalens based on the high order Bessel function.

We propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of metalens of which the phase profile is extracted from the higher-order Bessel function. A light beam passing through this metalens would focus along the circular trajectory and produces a tightly focusing field. Utilizing phase binarization, we provide a method to design the geometric-phase dielectric metasurface both for phase and polarization modulations. We demonstrate two metalenses for circularly and radially polarized output beams at 633 nm, with the measured 0.737λ and 0.616λ focal spots, respectively. Theoretically, it can realize a super-diffraction-limit spot (0.38λ). This work can extend the way of realizing tightly focused optical devices.

The RNA binding protein EHD6 recruits the m6A reader YTH07 and sequesters OsCOL4 mRNA into phase-separated ribonucleoprotein condensates to promote rice flowering.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant modifications in eukaryotic mRNA, but the comprehensive biological functionality continues to be a subject for exploration. In this study, we identified and characterized a new flowering-promoting gene EARLY HEADING DATE6 (EHD6) in rice. EHD6 encodes an RNA recognition motif (RRM)-containing RNA binding protein that is localized in the non-membranous cytoplasm ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules and can bind both m6A-modified RNA and unmodified RNA indiscriminately. We found that EHD6 can physically interact with YTH07, a YTH (YT521-B homology) domain containing m6A reader, and their interaction enhances the binding of m6A-modified RNA and triggers relocation of a part of YTH07 from the cytoplasm into RNP granules through phase-separated condensation. Within these condensates, the mRNA of a rice flowering repressor, CONSTANS-like 4 (OsCOL4), becomes sequestered, leading to a reduction in its protein abundance and thus affect flowering through the Early heading date 1 pathway. Our results not only shed new light on the molecular mechanism of efficient m6A recognition by the collaboration between the RNA binding protein and YTH family m6A reader, but also uncovers a potential m6A mediated translation regulation through phase-separated ribonucleoprotein condensation in rice.

Pectoralis Major Tendon Reconstruction With Achilles Tendon Allografts Utilizing Combined Pulvertaft Weave and Onlay Techniques.

Surgical treatment of chronic pectoralis major tears presents a technical challenge, as injury chronicity may preclude the ability to perform a direct repair. Many techniques have been described to repair an acute pectoralis tendon rupture, including utilization of unicortical buttons within the humeral footprint. In the chronic setting when direct repair is not possible, reconstruction with allograft tissue can restore strength, improve cosmesis, and yield high functional outcomes; however, literature is limited to small case series. We describe a combined Pulvertaft Weave and onlay technique with dual Achilles tendon allograft in the management of an active duty infantryman with a chronic pectoralis major injury.

Multivariate Silicification-Assisted Single Enzyme Structure Augmentation for Improved Enzymatic Activity-Stability Trade-Off.

The ability to finely tune/balance the structure and rigidity of enzymes to realize both high enzymatic activity and long-term stability is highly desired but highly challenging. In this work, we propose a new concept of silica-enzyme, referred to as "silicazyme", where solid inorganic silica was controlled hybridization with fragile enzyme under moderate condition at single-enzyme level, realizing simultaneous structure augmentation, long-term stability, and high enzymatic activity preservation. A multivariate silicification approach was utilized and occurred around individual enzymes to allow conformal coating. To realize a high activity-stability trade-off the structure flexibility/rigidity of silicazyme was optimized by a component-adjustment-ternary (CAT) plot method. Moreover, the multivariate organosilica frameworks bring great advantages including surface microenvironment adjustability, reversible modification capability, and functional extensibility through the rich chemistry of silica. Overall silicazymes represent a new class of enzymes that promise to broaden their utilization in catalysis, separations, and nanomedicine.

Professional characteristics, numbers, distribution and training of China's mental health workforce from 2000 to 2020: a scoping review.

Over the last 20 years, the numbers, types, distribution, and qualifications of mental health professionals in China have changed dramatically. However, there has been no systematic attempt to collect information about this transformation in the human resources available to provide mental health services-information that needs to be regularly updated to improve the country's coordination of these services. This scoping review compiles current details about China's mental health workforce and identifies critical gaps in available research and reporting. We reviewed all relevant studies and reports published between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2021 in two English-language and four Chinese-language databases, the website of China's National Health Commission, and national and provincial health services yearbooks. In addition to summarising data from government yearbooks, we integrated relevant results from 82 peer-reviewed publications and two government reports. From 2000 to 2020, the number of psychiatrists in the country increased by 139%, and the number of psychiatric nurses increased by 340%. However, the much higher ratio of mental health professionals per 100,000 population and the better quality of training of mental health professionals in urban, eastern provinces compared to rural, western provinces has not changed. Progress has been made in standardising the training of psychiatrists, but there are no standardised training programs for psychiatric nurses, clinical psychologists, or psychiatric social workers. Future research needs to address several issues that limit the effectiveness of policies aimed at increasing the size, quality and equitable distribution of China's mental health workforce: 1) limited data available about the numbers and characteristics of professionals who provide mental health services, 2) absence of nationally standardised training programs for non-psychiatric medical professionals and non-medical personnel who provide essential monitoring and supportive care to persons with mental illnesses, and 3) failure to scientifically assess the outcomes of currently available training programs.

Dual targeting total saponins of Pulsatilla of natural polymer crosslinked gel beads with multiple therapeutic effects for ulcerative colitis treatment.

Oral colon targeted drug delivery system (OCTDDS) is desirable for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we designed a partially oxidized sodium alginate-chitosan crosslinked microsphere for UC treatment. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) was used to study the formation and enzyme response of gel beads from a molecular perspective. The formed gel beads have a narrow particle size distribution, a compact structure, low cytotoxicity and great colon targeting in vitro and in vivo. Animal experiments demonstrated that gel beads promoted colonic epithelial barrier integrity, decreased the level of pro-inflammatory factors, accelerated the recovery of intestinal microbial homeostasis in UC rats and restored the intestinal metabolic disorders. In conclusion, our gel bead is a promising approach for the treatment of UC and significant for the researches on the pathogenesis and treatment mechanism of UC.

Risk factors and outcomes for refeeding syndrome in acute ischaemic stroke patients.

AIM: Patients with acute ischaemic stroke are more likely to develop refeeding syndrome due to increased need for nutritional support when suffering alterations of consciousness and impairment of swallowing. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of refeeding syndrome in stroke patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study, using the prospective stroke database from hospital, included all consecutive acute ischaemic stroke patients who received enteral nutrition for more than 72 h from 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2022. Refeeding syndrome was defined as occurrence of new-onset hypophosphataemia within 72 h after enteral feeding. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate risk factors and relationships between refeeding syndrome and stroke outcomes. RESULTS: 338 patients were included in the study. 50 patients (14.8%) developed refeeding syndrome. Higher scores on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, albumin <30 g/L and BMI <18.5 kg/m2 were risk factors for refeeding syndrome. Moreover, refeeding syndrome was independently associated with a 3-month modified Rankin Scale score of >2 and 6-month mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Refeeding syndrome was common in stroke patients and higher baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, higher Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, albumin <30 g/L and BMI <18.5 kg/m2 were independent risk factors of refeeding syndrome. Occurrence of refeeding syndrome was significantly associated with higher 3-month modified Rankin Scale and 6-month mortality.

E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 modulates circadian rhythm by facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of the key clock transcription factor BMAL1.

The circadian clock is the inner rhythm of life activities and is controlled by a self-sustained and endogenous molecular clock, which maintains a ~ 24 h internal oscillation. As the core element of the circadian clock, BMAL1 is susceptible to degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Nevertheless, scant information is available regarding the UPS enzymes that intricately modulate both the stability and transcriptional activity of BMAL1, affecting the cellular circadian rhythm. In this work, we identify and validate UBR5 as a new E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with BMAL1 by using affinity purification, mass spectrometry, and biochemical experiments. UBR5 overexpression induced BMAL1 ubiquitination, leading to diminished stability and reduced protein level of BMAL1, thereby attenuating its transcriptional activity. Consistent with this, UBR5 knockdown increases the BMAL1 protein. Domain mapping discloses that the C-terminus of BMAL1 interacts with the N-terminal domains of UBR5. Similarly, cell-line-based experiments discover that HYD, the UBR5 homolog in Drosophila, could interact with and downregulate CYCLE, the BMAL1 homolog in Drosophila. PER2-luciferase bioluminescence real-time reporting assay in a mammalian cell line and behavioral experiments in Drosophila reveal that UBR5 or hyd knockdown significantly reduces the period of the circadian clock. Therefore, our work discovers a new ubiquitin ligase UBR5 that regulates BMAL1 stability and circadian rhythm and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanism. This work provides an additional layer of complexity to the regulatory network of the circadian clock at the post-translational modification, offering potential insights into the modulation of the dysregulated circadian rhythm.

Semaglutide mitigates testicular damage in diabetes by inhibiting ferroptosis.

Diabetes is linked to male infertility, but the mechanisms and therapeutic options remain unclear. This study investigates the effects of semaglutide on testicular function in a diabetes mouse model. Clinical data shows that diabetes affects blood glucose, lipid levels, and sperm quality. Single-cell and transcriptome analyses reveal changes in testicular tissue cell proportions and activation of ferroptosis pathways in diabetic patients/rats. In the diabetes mouse model, sperm quality decreases significantly. Treatment with semaglutide (Sem) and the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) alleviates testicular damage, as evidenced by improved lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis markers. Moreover, the diabetes-induced decrease in the TM-3 cell line's vitality, increased lipid peroxidation, ROS, ferrous ions, and mitochondrial membrane potential damage are all improved by semaglutide and ferrostatin-1 intervention. Overall, these findings highlight semaglutide's potential as a therapeutic approach for mitigating diabetes-induced testicular damage through modulation of the ferroptosis pathway.

Intergenic sequences harboring potential enhancer elements contribute to Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome by regulating PITX2.

Recent studies have uncovered that noncoding sequence variants may relate to Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS), a rare developmental anomaly with genetic heterogeneity. However, how these genomic regions are functionally and structurally associated with ARS is still unclear. In this study, we performed genome-wide linkage analysis and whole-genome sequencing in a Chinese family with ARS and identified a heterozygous deletion of about 570 kb (termed LOH-1) in the intergenic sequence between paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2) and family with sequence similarity 241 member A. Knockout of LOH-1 homologous sequences caused ARS phenotypes in mice. RNA-Seq and real-time quantitative PCR revealed a significant reduction in Pitx2 gene expression in LOH-1-/- mice, while forkhead box C1 expression remained unchanged. ChIP-Seq and bioinformatics analysis identified a potential enhancer region (LOH-E1) within LOH-1. Deletion of LOH-E1 led to a substantial downregulation of the PITX2 gene. Mechanistically, we found a sequence (hg38 chr4:111,399,594-111,399,691) that is on LOH-E1 could regulate PITX2 by binding to RAD21, a critical component of the cohesin complex. Knockdown of RAD21 resulted in reduced PITX2 expression. Collectively, our findings indicate that a potential enhancer sequence that is within LOH-1 may regulate PITX2 expression remotely through cohesin-mediated loop domains, leading to ARS when absent.

Heat-Induced Secretion of Heat Shock Proteins 70 and 90 Does not Affect the Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Primary Airway Cells in COPD.

PURPOSE: The response to glucocorticoids is hampered in many COPD patients by a yet unknown mechanism. Earlier we reported that short-term heat exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) and airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) of asthma patients increased the expression and secretion of extracellular heat shock proteins (eHSPs) resulting in increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in BEC and inhibition of ASMC remodeling. The aim of the present study was to assess if the same mechanism is also present in primary airway wall cells of COPD patients. METHODS: Primary BEC and ASMC were established from endobronchial biopsies obtained from COPD patients (n = 73), who participated in the HISTORIC study, an investigator-initiated and driven clinical trial. Secretion and protein expression of HSPs was assessed by ELISA and Western blotting. Expression of total GR, its isoforms GRα and GRß and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was determined by Western-blotting. RESULTS: Short heat exposure (65 °C, 10 s) of BEC resulted in a significant increase of the secretion of eHSP70 and eHSP90, while the intracellular protein was not altered. Heat treatment or exposure to eHSP70 or eHSP90 had no effect on the expression of GR and GR-isoforms. However, eHSP70 and eHSP90 significantly reduced the expression of TLR4. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that primary airway cells from COPD patients respond differently to heat exposure and extracellular HSP70 or HSP90 than cells from asthma patients regarding the expression of GR and this may explain the reduced response to glucocorticoids in patients with COPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN11017699.

Flexible ureteroscopic treatment of kidney stones: How do the new laser systems change our concepts?

Objective: Flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) has become a widely accepted and effective technique for treating kidney stones. With the development of new laser systems, the fURS approach has evolved significantly. This literature review aims to examine the current state of knowledge on fURS treatment of kidney stones, with a particular focus on the impact of the latest laser technologies on clinical outcomes and patient safety. Methods: We conducted a search of the PubMed/PMC, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Embase (Ovid), and Cochrane Databases for all randomized controlled trial articles on laser lithotripsy in September 2023 without time restriction. Results: We found a total of 22 relevant pieces of literature. Holmium laser has been used for intracavitary laser lithotripsy for nearly 30 years and has become the golden standard for the treatment of urinary stones. However, the existing holmium laser cannot completely powder the stone, and the retropulsion of the stone after the laser emission and the thermal damage to the tissue have caused many problems for clinicians. The introduction of thulium fiber laser and Moses technology brings highly efficient dusting lithotripsy effect through laser innovation, limiting pulse energy and broadening pulse frequency. Conclusion: While the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser remains the primary choice for endoscopic laser lithotripsy, recent technological advancements hint at a potential new gold standard. Parameter range, retropulsion effect, laser fiber adaptability, and overall system performance demand comprehensive attention. The ablation efficacy of high-pulse-frequency devices relies on precise targeting, which may pose practical challenges.

Proximity-Guaranteed DNA Machine for Accurate Identification of Breast Cancer Extracellular Vesicles.

Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancers worldwide. Precise diagnosis and subtyping have important significance for targeted therapy and prognosis prediction of breast cancer. Herein, we design a proximity-guaranteed DNA machine for accurate identification of breast cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs), which is beneficial to explore the subtype features of breast cancer. In our design, two proximity probes are located close on the same EV through specific recognition of coexisting surface biomarkers, thus being ligated with the help of click chemistry. Then, the ligated product initiates the operation of a DNA machine involving catalytic hairpin assembly and clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas12a-mediated trans-cleavage, which finally generates a significant response that enables the identification of EVs expressing both biomarkers. Principle-of-proof studies are performed using EVs derived from the breast cancer cell line BT474 as the models, confirming the high sensitivity and specificity of the DNA machine. When further applied to clinical samples, the DNA machine is shown to be capable of not only distinguishing breast cancer patients with special subtypes but also realizing the tumor staging regarding the disease progression. Therefore, our work may provide new insights into the subtype-based diagnosis of breast cancer as well as identification of more potential therapeutic targets in the future.

Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Composite Fibers Regulate Oxidative Metabolism through Internal and External Factors to Promote the Recovery of Nerve Function.

It is challenging to sufficiently regulate endogenous neuronal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and reconstruct neural networks under spinal cord injury conditions. Here, hydrogel surface grafting and microsol electrospinning are used to construct a composite biomimetic scaffold with "external-endogenous" dual regulation of ROS. The outer hydrogel enhances local autophagy through responsive degradation and rapid release of rapamycin (≈80% within a week), neutralizing extracellular ROS and inhibiting endogenous ROS production, further reducing neuronal apoptosis. The inner directional fibers continuously supply brain-derived neurotrophic factors to guide axonal growth. The results of in vitro co-culturing show that the dual regulation of oxidative metabolism by the composite scaffold approximately doubles the neuronal autophagy level, reduces 60% of the apoptosis induced by oxidative stress, and increases the differentiation of neural stem cells into neuron-like cells by ≈2.5 times. The in vivo results show that the composite fibers reduce the ROS levels by ≈80% and decrease the formation of scar tissue. RNA sequencing results show that composite scaffolds upregulate autophagy-associated proteins, antioxidase genes, and axonal growth proteins. The developed composite biomimetic scaffold represents a therapeutic strategy to achieve neurofunctional recovery through programmed and accurate bidirectional regulation of the ROS cascade response.

A binary dumbbell visible light driven photocatalyst for simultaneous hydrogen production with the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde.

Photocatalytic H2 production with selective oxidation of organic moieties in an aqueous medium is a fascinating research area. However, the rational design of photocatalysts and their photocatalytic performance are still inadequate. In this work, we efficiently synthesized the MoS2 tipped CdS nanowires (NWs) photocatalyst using soft templates via the two-step hydrothermal method for efficient H2 production with selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BO) under visible light illumination. The optimized MoS2 tipped CdS NWs (20 % MoS2) photocatalyst exhibits the highest photocatalytic H2 production efficiency of 13.55 mmol g-1 h-1 with 99 % selective oxidation of BO, which was 42.34 and 2.21 times greater photocatalytic performance than that of pristine CdS NWs and MoS2/CdS NWs, respectively. The directional loading of MoS2 at the tips of CdS NWs (as compared to nondirectional MoS2 at CdS NWs) is the key factor towards superior H2 production with 99 % selective oxidation of BO and has an inhibitory effect on the photo corrosion of pristine CdS NWs. Therefore, the amazing enhancement in the photocatalytic performance and selectivity of optimized MoS2 tipped CdS NWs (20 % MoS2) photocatalyst is due to the spatial separation of their photoexcited charge carriers through the Schottky junction. Moreover, the unique structure of the MoS2 flower at the tip of 1D CdS NWs offers separate active sites for adsorption and surface reactions such as H2 production at the MoS2 flower (confirmed by Pt photo deposition) and subsequently the selective oxidation of BO at the stem of CdS NWs. This rational design of a photocatalyst could be an inspiring work for the further development of an efficient photocatalytic system for H2 production with selective oxidation of BO (a strategy of mashing two potatoes with one fork).

Genetic susceptibility of urolithiasis: comprehensive results from genome-wide analysis.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is multi-factorial and genetic factors have been shown to play a significant role in the development of urolithiasis. We tried to apply genome-wide Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and figure out reliable gene susceptibility of urolithiasis from the largest samples to date in two independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) database of European ancestry. METHODS: We extracted summary statistics of expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) from eQTLGen consortium. Urolithiasis phenotype information was obtained from both FinnGen Biobank and UK Biobank. Multiple two-sample MR analysis with a Bonferroni-corrected P threshold (P < 2.5e-06) was conducted. The primary endpoint was the causal effect calculated by random-effect inverse variance weighted (IVW) method. Sensitivity analysis, volcano plots, scatter plots, and regional plots were also performed and visualized. RESULTS: After multiple MR tests between 19942 eQTLs and urolithiasis phenotype from both cohorts, 30 common eQTLs with consistent effect size direction were found to be causally associated with urolithiasis risk. Finally only one gene (LMAN2) was simultaneously identified among all top significant eQTLs from both FinnGen Biobank (beta = 0.6758, se = 0.0327, P = 6.775e-95) and UK Biobank (beta = 0.0044, se = 0.0009, P = 2.417e-06). We also found that LMAN2 was with the largest beta effect size on urolithiasis phenotype from the two cohorts. CONCLUSION: We for the first time implemented genome-wide MR analysis to investigate the genetic susceptibility of urolithiasis in general population of European ancestry. Our results provided novel insights into common genetic variants of urinary stone disease, which was of great help to subsequent researches.

Tuning Electrons Migration of Dual S Defects Mediated MoS2-x/ZnIn2S4-x Toward Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a prevalent method for hydrogen synthesis. However, high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers and high activation energy barrier of H remain persistent challenge. Here, the two-step hydrothermal method is utilized to prepare dual S-defect mediated catalyst molybdenum sulfide/zinc indium sulfide (MSv/ZISv), which has high hydrogen production rate of 8.83 mmol g-1h-1 under simulated sunlight. The achieved rate is 21.91 times higher than pure ZnIn2S4 substrate. Defects in ZIS within MSv/ZISv modify the primitive electronic structure by creating defect state that retaining good reducing power, leading to the rapid separation of electron-hole pairs and the generation of additional photogenerated carriers. The internal electric field further enhances the migration toward to cocatalyst. Simultaneously, the defects introduced on the MoS2 cause electron rearrangement, leading to electron clustering on both S vacancies and edge S. Thereby MSv/ZISv exhibits the lowest activation energy barrier and |ΔGH*|. This work explores the division of synergies between different types of S defects, providing new insights into the coupling of defect engineering.